The purpose of the article is to study the peculiarities of global agricultural production with allocation of its regional structure, influence of population growth and changes in production methods. Research methods. In the research were used the following scientific methods: theoretical generalization for assessing impact of agrarian production on the world economic system; analysis and synthesis for interpretation of increasing dynamics of supplying crop and livestock products, ranking of the largest countries as producers of different product groups; comparative assessment for comparison of volumes of agricultural production in context of its correspondence to the population growth; graphical and tabular for visual representation of the results of statistical analysis. Research results. The general situation concerning quantitative volumes of production of the main groups of agricultural products, including regional distribution and list of the main producing countries were given. It was considered statistics of population increase for almost 60 last years, and Ukraine’s place in context of its integrated potential of food supply to domestic and foreign markets was determined. There were characterized the largest global companies-producers according to directions of its activities, and reasons for changing priorities of agrarian production from quantitative to qualitative were clarified. Elements of scientific novelty. In modern conditions there is a clear dependence between volumes of agrarian production and systemic influence of many factors, namely presence of favorable natural and climatic conditions, level of economic development by country, sectoral policy, number of its population, certain specialization and structuring the final product supply. Practical significance. The article is aimed at bringing available information to Ukrainian farmers on trends and prospects of the world agricultural production in order to maximally use their practical experience from both developed and developing countries. Tabl.: 2. Figs.: 3. Refs.: 11