The purpose of the article is to substantiate and highlight the problems of effective structural policy formation, to analyze the economic structure of Ukraine and the main economic indicators, and to determine the main directions of improvement of the state’s structural policy to implement recommendations for improving the efficiency of the economic structure of the country and its regions. Research methods. Theoretical and methodological basis of research are scientific works of domestic and foreign economists related to issues on structural policy and state regulation of economic processes. The systematic method has been used to study the regulation mechanism of structural changes in the economy. Determination of factors influencing the nature and direction of structural changes in the national economy has been carried out on basis of the factor analysis. The method of statistical comparisons and generalizations has been used to determine the current structure of the Ukrainian economy. Research results. Essence of the economy’s structure has been highlighted, and the notion of an effective structure of the country's economy has been determined. It has been stressed a leading role of the state in balancing of all sectors of the economy. Main criteria of effectiveness of the structure of the country's economy have been described. The main tools for carrying out the structural policy of the state have been indicated. Elements of scientific novelty. An algorithm for constructing structural policy in Ukraine has been proposed. The factors influencing formation of the modern structure of the country's economy have been described, among which the main ones: dynamics of traditional export products of Ukraine on the world markets, orientation on short term perspective, and conjectural nature of the changes. Practical significance. The factors that negatively influence on formation of effective structure of the Ukraine's economy in the transformation period have been established. Proposals for their elimination by active methods of state regulation have been presented. Practical study of the structural transformations of the Ukrainian economy in context of a rational economy structure through a prism of efficiency and optimality has been carried out. Tabl.: 2. Refs.: 17.